The term 'hereinafter' is used when using another short form would be impractical, cumbersome, or confusing. NOTE: The typeface convention from the original source should be used for the author name or title in a ' supra' citation. If a work has an institutional author, use the complete institutional name works without an author may be cited to by the title, while unsigned student authored law journal works should be cited by the appropriate designation such as 'Note' or 'Comment.'

An 'at' is typically necessary to avoid confusion: O'Neill, Jr., Verification in an Age of Insecurity: The Future of Arms Control Compliance 45 (2010).Ī pincite offset by a comma should indicate changes in what portion of the authority is being cited. Immediately after ' supra' is the word 'note' in ordinary type, followed by the number of the footnote in which the authority was first cited in full:ġ5. Therefore, the most common format for a Supra short form citation consists of the author's last name followed ' supra,' offset by a comma. 'Supra' citations are most commonly used for secondary authority, such as books and periodicals. NOTE: This is also true for materials such as restatements, legislative documents (other than hearings), and model codes which typically have similar citation formats. Rule 4.2 contains a complete, detailed list of which materials may and may not be cited to using 'Supra.' Note, however, that in general most forms of primary legal authority (cases, statutes, etc.) should not be referred to using 'Supra.' See Rule 4.1 for guidance on the use of ' id.' within citations.'Supra' may be used to refer to certain types of previously cited materials as well as internal cross-references.

Law Review Footnotes - Short form may only be used for a case cited within the same footnote or if it has been cited within the five previous footnotes. at 585.Ĭommon Litigants - If only one party name is being used, avoid using a geographical name or common litigant. If only one name is used, the name is italicized. Generally - One party's name (or a shorter version of the name) may be used if the reference is unambiguous. However, the shortened name must be unambiguous and readily identify the case being referred to. Typically, the court and date are omitted and a pinpoint citation is given. A short form citation may be used to identify a case that has previously been cited in full.

Endnote footnote citations short title